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Friday, June 10, 2011

Top Ten Chocolate Manufacturers Worldwide

The Top Ten chocolate manufacturers worldwide based on revenues according to a ranking made in 2006 by Datamonitor ComputerWire website. Without further adieu, the Top Ten chocolate manufacturers worldwide are:

1. Mars, Inc. - with revenues totaling to US$10, 418.3 million, Mars, Inc. has topped the list. This company is a world-wide manufacturer of chocolates as well as other confectionery, pet food and other food products. Their most popular chocolate products include Snickers, Mars Bar, Milky Way, M&Ms, and Twix among many others.

2. Nestlé USA - revenue total is US$7, 261.3 million. Nestle is a multinational company that manufactures packaged food since the early 1900s. Their products include chocolate, milk, confectionery, bottled water, coffee, ice cream, food seasoning and pet foods. Their most popular chocolate products include Baby Ruth, Butterfinger, Kit Kat, Milky Bar, Matchmakers, Nestlé Crunch, Oh Henry, and the Wonka Bars.

3. Ferrero SpA - revenue total is US$5, 269.6 million. Ferrero SpA is owned by the Italian family Ferrero that manufactures chocolate and other confectionery products founded by Pietro Ferrero in 1946. Their most famous chocolate products include Nutella, Ferrero Rocher, Mon Cheri, and Giotto among others.

4. Cadbury Schweppes Plc - revenue total is US$3, 868.2 million. Cadbury Schweppes plc is considered to be the largest confectionery manufacturer in the world which also produces beverage. It's most popular chocolate products are Cadbury, Fry's and Green & Black's.

5. The Hershey Company - revenue total is US$3, 708.2 million. The Hershey Company is the largest manufacturer of chocolates in North America and based in Hershey, Pennsylvania. Hershey's is considered to be the Great American chocolate because it has been around since 1894. Popular Hershey's chocolate bars include the Hershey's Milk Chocolate, Hershey's Special Dark and Hershey's Cookies & Cream.

6. Barry Callebaut AG - revenue total is US$2, 911.4 million. Barry Callebeaut is considered to be the world's leading manufacturer of high quality cocoa & chocolate and which is based in Zurich, Switzerland. It produces chocolate for consumers, for food manufacturers and chefs. Its most popular gourmet chocolates brand includes Sarotti in Germany, Jacques in Belgium and Alprose in Switzerland.

7. Kraft Foods, Inc. - revenue total is US$2, 875.1 million. Kraft Foods, Inc. is considered to be the second largest food and beverage company in North America. This company is now a merger of different food companies that include The Philip Morris Company (now Altria Group), Nabisco and Kraft. Their chocolate products include Toblerone and Oreo.

8. Chocoladefabriken Lindt & Sprüngli AG - revenue total is US$2, 062.5 million. This chocolate manufacturer, commonly known as Lindt is a Swiss premium & confectionery company founded in 1845. Lindt & Sprüngli's popular chocolates include the Lindor which is a hard chocolate shell with a smooth chocolate filling and comes with colored wrappers; Mint Intense, Toffee crunch, and Madagascar among many others.

9. Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd. - revenue total is US$ 702.2 million. Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd. Is a Japanese confectionery and pharmaceutical company that produces the popular chocolate products Hello Panda and Yan Yan.

10. Russell Stover Candies Inc. - revenue total is US$ 509 million. Russell Stover Candies Inc. is a candy, chocolate and confections supplier in the United States which can be found in Kansas City, Missouri. Russel Stover's most famous products include mint chocolates and dark chocolates.

Wherever on the planet you might live, you are sure to have a favorite gourmet chocolate made by one of these Top Ten chocolate manufacturers. If you are lucky enough to travel, you might even have the great opportunity to sample some of these unique varieties of chocolate candy.

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Radford Electronics

Radford amplifiers

Below is a (incomplete) list of Radford designs in an attempt at chronological order. The prefix STA indicates a stereo amplifier. The prefix MA indicates a mono amplifier. The number indicates the nominal power rating.

Original Radford amplifiers:

Model

Information

STA12

(1960) Used EL34 output tube and EF86 with ECF82 driver tubes. The rectifier was a GZ34. Produced just over 12 Watts per channel and based on a Mullard 5/20 with good output transformers and some careful LF and HF phase compensation to keep the unit stable.

MA15

power Amplifier. Single channel version of the STA12 with slightly higher power output.

STA7

(1960) Very rare dual channel amplifier giving about 8 Watts from a pair of push-pull ECL86.

STA15 mk2

(1962) As above but output = 15 wpc

STA15 series 3

(1962) Uses EF86 input valve, ECF82 phase splitter/driver and 2 EL34s per channel. A single GZ34 provides rectification for both channels.

STA25 series 3

(1965) The first stereo version of the MA25 gave a conservative 25w per channel from EL34 output tubes and EF68 with ECF82 driver tubes. This amp is sometimes confused with the STA15. It can be identified by its manual bias adjustment and solid state rectifier both of which are not present on the STA15.

ISTA60

60wpc.

STA100

driver tubes were ECC88 and EF184. A solid state rectifier was used.

MA15

(1961) First monoblock, valve line up = EF86 ECC83 EL34X2 EZ81 rectifier

MA15 Series 3

(~1961) As above but uses EF86 ECF82 GZ34 Valve rectifier.

MA25

(1962) Valves used = EF86, ECF82, EL34X2, Diode bridge rectifier.

MA25 mk3

(1962) As above.

K25

A modified version of the MA25 for use with a BBC monitor loudspeaker manufactured by KEF. It featured a frequency shaping network, to flatten the response of the speaker, and a balanced input.

Radford pre-amplifiers/control units

DSM(~1961) Beautifully made control unit with 3 EF86 and 1 ECC83 per channel, a lot of electronics in a very small box.

SC2 A pre-amplifier with passive tone control system.

SC3 A three channel version of the SC2.The third derived channel was for a separate centre loudspeaker.

SC22 Feedback controlled tone controls, transistor disc stage and selective frequency RIAA equalisation network. There was also a switchable feedback rumble filter incorporated around the valve stage.

SC22p As SC22 with power supply.

Radford "Zero distortion" (distortion below circuit noise level) transistor amplifiers

ZD50 & ZD100 stereo power amplifier

ZD22 preamplifier

HD250 stereo integrated amplifier

Later Radford hybrid valve & transistor amplifiers

TT100 stereo power ampliier

Woodside Electronics amplifiers

STA25 renaissance

STA35 renaissance

STA50 renaissance (2004)

2009 Radford amplifiers

STA25 mk6

STA15 MK3 and SC22 preamp

A glowing example of a STA15 MK3

A Radford STA15 MK3 amplifier with its top cover removed

Radford loudspeakers

Radford also manufactured loudspeakers, tuners and other audio gear. An (incomplete) list of these is below:

Bookshelf

Tristar T90

Studio S90

Monitor M180

Studio S270

Studio S360

Monitor 90

Radford Tuners

FMT1

FMT2

FMT3

FMT4

FMT5 prototype produced, but never manufactured

Radford CD-Players

???

Radford Lab power supples (specifications approximate)

Model ?? 0-24V output switchable in 0.2V increments @ 2.0A and 240V @ 100mA

Model ?? Continuously variable 0-24V output with current limit variable up to 2.0A

Radford test gear

Arthur Radford was designing such high specification amplifiers for the time period that he was having problems measuring their performance due to limitations of the test gear. Radford set about designing new ultra-linear measurement and test tools to solve this problem.

Model

Information

DMS Series 3

LF Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) analyzer, to 0.003%, 10Hz-50k, 1mV-50v, portable.

LDO series 3

Low Distortion Oscillator. The instrument harmonic distortions are about 120 dB below the fundamental.

The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles Season 1-3 22 dvd boxset

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Cheetos

Manufacturing

Main article: Cheese puffs

Cheetos are manufactured by blending corn and water. The mixture is heated under pressure, then extruded through a die. The texture of the snack is caused by contact with hot air, which causes steam in the mixture to expand, creating a bread-like snack. The traditional Crunchy Cheetos are fried. Puffs, Paws, Twists, Balls, and Whirls varieties are oven-dried. The snack is then tumbled with the desired flavor.

Cheetos mascot

Main article: Chester Cheetah

The Cheetos mascot is an anthropomorphic cartoon cheetah named Chester Cheetah. Chester Cheetah first appeared in television commercials in 1986 as an animated cartoon character. After Chester's introduction, the sly, smooth voiced cheetah began starring in more commercials and eventually became Cheetos official mascot. He used the slogan "It ain't easy bein' cheesy." in the late 1980s/early 1990s, then he cheese that goes crunch! until 1996, when it became angerously cheesy! In the 2000s, Chester Cheetah became rendered as a computer generated character in the United States, while he continues to appear in his old animation style in other countries.

As of 2007, Cheetos has taken aim at an adult demographic. In this incarnation, Chester speaks with a mid-Atlantic accent and encourages people to use their Cheetos in acts of revenge or to solve problems.

Two Chester Cheetah videogames, Chester Cheetah: Wild Wild Quest and Chester Cheetah: Too Cool to Fool, were released for home videogame consoles in the 1990s. They appeared on Sega Genesis and the Super Nintendo respectively.

Previous to Chester, Cheetos' mascot was a mouse called the Cheetos Mouse. He debuted in 1971. The Cheetos' Mouse's slogan was "Hail Chee-sar!"

International flavors

Australia

Cheetos Cheese n' Bacon Balls.

Brazil

Cheetos Swiss Cheese Balls

Cheetos Requeijo Waves

Cheetos Parmigiano-Reggiano Moons

China

Turkey Flavor

Strawberry Flavor Puffs

Blueberry Flavor Puffs

Indonesia

Cheetos Net BBQ

Cheetos Net Seaweed

India

Masala Balls

Tangy Tomato

Tomato Twirls

Israel

Kosher, Ketchup Flavor

Peanut Flavor (peanut butter)

Japan

Strawberry Cheetos

Milk Chocolate Cheetos

South Korea

Strawberry Cheetos

BBQ flavored Cheetos

Spicy flavored Cheetos

Spicy Chicken flavored Cheetos Balls

BBQ flavored puffs

Spain

Cheetos Queso (1980's?-)

Turkey

Peanut Butter Cheetos

Steak Cheetos

Ketchup Cheetos

Corn Cheetos

Sweetos Cheetos (November 2009 / cocoa and milk filled)

Cheetos were originally sold by Walkers prior to the purchase of the Wotsits brand from Golden Wonder.

USA

Crunchy Cheetos (1948-present)

Cheetos Puffs (1971-present)

Cheetos Bacon and Cheese Flavor (Crunchy) (early 1980s)

Cheetos Paws (1991-1994)

Cheetos Cheezy Checkers (1995-1999)

Flamin' Hot Cheetos (1998-present)

Crunchy Nacho Cheetos (1996-1998) (still available in eastern Canada)

Cheetos Zig-Zags (1999-2003)

Cheetos X's and O's (2000-2002)

Cheetos Puffs Twists (2003-present)

Cool Ranch Cheetos (begun and discontinued in 2003)

Baked Cheetos (2004-present)

Cheetos Pizza Puffs (begun and discontinued in 2005)

Cheetos Holiday Twists (2005-2006)

Cheddar Jalapeo Cheetos (2005-present)

Flamin' Hot Cheetos con Limon (2005-present)

Flamin' Hot Baked Cheetos (2005-present)

Cheetos Crunchy Twists (2006-present)

Natural Puffs White Cheddar

Cheetos Mighty Zingers (2010)

Cheetos Habanero (2010)

Crunchy Mozarella

Giant Cheetos (2009-)

Cheetos Crunchy Cheesy Enchilada

Flamin' Hot Cheetos Puffs

Pork Enzymes

Some Frito-Lay brand seasoned products, including some flavors of Cheetos, contain pork enzymes in addition to herbs, cheese and other seasonings. Frito-Lay's web site states that they use enzymes from pigs (porcine enzymes) in some of their seasoned snack chip products to develop 'unique flavors'. The presence of pig-derived ingredients makes them haraam for Muslims to eat and un-Kosher for Jews.

Enzymes are proteins that catalyzencrease the rates ofio-chemical reactions in living organisms, whether animal or plant. Though enzymes facilitate chemical reactions on molecules, they themselves are not chemically altered (changed) by these reactions. Nor are they consumed (used up) by the reactions.

Leather and synthetic leather industry

China Plastics Processing Industry Association Professional Committee of the Secretary-General synthetic leather artificial leather Feng Shu-kwan, "the Second China Hi-tech microfiber synthetic leather industry, synthetic leather and Development Forum and functional market development and technological innovation and exchanges" on the lecture about: artificial leather synthetic leather industry development and industrial safety issues. Proposed:

1. Highly concerned about the financial crisis on the impact of synthetic leather industry.

In the United States sub-prime crisis triggered by the international financial crisis in the process of artificial leather synthetic leather trillion production value this large chain, will inevitably be a considerable impact. Is currently experiencing price chain, from upstream and downstream industry chain fluctuations in demand and the capital market chain and market environment, the impact of chain of four different directions, showing that artificial leather synthetic leather market more crowded, ecology and conservation of resources, the scope and dimensions of the impact of the more come deeper.

Current circumstances: first, the output of a small increase the rate of growth falling significantly. From January to May leather synthetic leather production 618.7 thousand tons, an increase of only 2.48%, the growth rate has come down. The second is to create micro-structure has undergone a slight change in the region. Positive growth are Fujian, Guangdong and other five provinces, including Fujian, 50.3 thousand tons, the annual growth rate of 63.04%, accounting for 8.13% than the previous year's financial crisis, the proportion of 6.2%, an increase of 2 percentage points; a negative growth in the past mainly artificial leather synthetic leather manufacturing large provinces such as Zhejiang, Jiangsu and other provinces and cities in 12; and third, a quarter of a significant decline in exports in the second quarter fell begin to reduce warming. A quarter of export delivery value of 15.5 billion yuan, up 16.31 percent negative growth in export volume declined 11.32 percent, from the Comparison of the growth rate doubled in contrast with the calendar year. April export delivery value of recovered totaled 2.161 billion yuan, negative growth was reduced by 1.4 percentage points. Export-oriented enterprises have a strong impact, exports were obviously affected by domestic enterprises are faced with rising costs, comparative advantage weakened.

2. Leather synthetic leather industry, the emergence of new adjustments in response to the crisis trends.

First of all is to enhance the ecological quality, development of high-end market. Synthetic leather in the leather industry chain simultaneous development process, the general trend in the direction of the high physical properties, ecology, function-oriented direction. High-end product is technically on the performance of raw materials change, a main ingredient is a synthetic leather materials and additives environmentally friendly development, the second is the function of the development of leather fabric. At present the field of non-woven fabric is an emerging complex technologies as the main support synthetic leather artificial leather material, the proportion of the rise in recent years, different types of ultra-fine fiber material applications for the industry's technological revolution. Artificial Synthetic Leather is the general trend of development: non-woven fabric fine fibrosis, the fabric composite, non-woven fabric of functionality; using differential fiber by the method of finishing leather fabric to give a specific function.

With which to proceed with resource conservation and environmental protection process is accelerated. Our industry, though not "double high", but also some enterprises of cleaner production not in place. At present the industry's environmental protection and resource conservation measures in the recent new breakthrough: the first is the promotion and application of environmentally friendly materials, reduce environmental impacts, development and application of water-based polyurethane, MDF, etc. from the root source of emissions of harmful substances; harmful heavy metals ban; environmental protection The additive, citric acid, soybean oil, plant-based additives to replace petroleum-based additives necessary to ease the production process of organic matter emission concentration and so on.

The second is the production process unorganized VOC emissions, to achieve a breakthrough, we have seen in Wenzhou and Lishui of the enterprises to adopt the windows closed production lines, a reduction of exhaust system, power consumption, consumption of hot air, also resolved the unorganized emissions of VOC recovery should be the industry's progress. Ammonia-nitrogen exceeded third serious problem in the enterprise through a strict nutrient removal technology has completely meet the national drinking water standards, which in two years, especially after the introduction of ammonia-nitrogen limit standards, made an exciting breakthrough, of course, DMF processing technology has been fully up to international standards and so on.

Another regional enterprises with the characteristics of industrial upgrading, restructuring and transfer of industries, artificial leather synthetic leather industry, taking the road of modernization has accelerated the process of ecological synthetic leather industry base is an outward expansion, asset restructuring, 10 billion group, large enterprises are the backbone of the financing.

3. Leather synthetic leather industry to establish security and early warning mechanism.

Enterprises are faced with severe challenges and competition risks, in order to compete in the market manipulation to keep stronger companies, all kinds of risk-averse, support and protection of the advantages of development. Artificial leather synthetic leather industry is a sunrise industry, it is safe industry, thriving industry. But encountered many problems in the middle stage of industrialization, the demand for energy resources, increased significantly only by adhering to save resources, and development of roads, the economy can be sustained and rapid growth; eco-environment-friendly product development efforts, to keep up with consumer those needs.

We must enhance our capability for independent innovation, which is to maintain industrial safety, a fundamental measure to avoid market risks; to strongly support the international competitiveness of multinational corporations; vigorously cultivate strong industry clusters; to increase the ecological nature of environment-friendly synthetic leather artificial leather raw material development and application efforts, and actively taking resource conservation and environmental protection, new technology and new materials, new processes; to actively respond to the changing international environment risks, the use of legal means to safeguard the industry, security and timely implementation of the industrial access system; to establish industrial safety warning mechanism, enhance the anti-risk ability to achieve sustained and healthy development benefit the industry.

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Thursday, June 9, 2011

Piping and instrumentation diagram

Contents and Function

An example of a P&ID.

A piping and instrumentation diagram/drawing (P&ID) is defined by the Institute of Instrumentation and Control as follows:

A diagram which shows the interconnection of process equipment and the instrumentation used to control the process. In the process industry, a standard set of symbols is used to prepare drawings of processes. The instrument symbols used in these drawings are generally based on Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society (ISA) Standard S5. 1.

The primary schematic drawing used for laying out a process control installation.

P&IDs play a significant role in the maintenance and modification of the process that it describes. It is critical to demonstrate the physical sequence of equipment and systems, as well as how these systems connect. During the design stage, the diagram also provides the basis for the development of system control schemes, allowing for further safety and operational investigations, such as the hazard and operability study (HAZOP).

For processing facilities, it is a pictorial representation of

Key piping and instrument details

Control and shutdown schemes

Safety and regulatory requirements and

Basic start up and operational information

List of P&ID items

Instrumentation and designations

Mechanical equipment with names and numbers

All valves and their identifications

Process piping, sizes and identification

Miscellanea - vents, drains, special fittings, sampling lines, reducers, increasers and swagers

Permanent start-up and flush lines

Flow directions

Interconnections references

Control inputs and outputs, interlocks

Interfaces for class changes

Computer control system input

Identification of components and subsystems delivered by others

Identification and Reference Designation

The P&ID is used for the identification of measurements within the process. Identification letters for measurements are based on Standard S5. 1 and ISO 14617-6:

First-Letter

Measurement

Density

Electricity

Flow

Hand

Power

Time, Time Schedule

Level

Moisture

Pressure

Quality

Radiation

Speed, Frequency

Temperature

Viscosity

Weight

For reference designation of any equipment in industrial systems the standard IEC 61346 (Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products Structuring principles and reference designations) can be applied. For the function Measurement the reference designator B is used, followed by the above listed letter for the measured variable.

For reference designation of any equipment in a power station the KKS Power Plant Classification System can be applied.

Symbols of chemical apparatus and instrumentation

Below are listed some symbols of chemical apparatus and instrumentation normally used in a P&ID, according to DIN 30600 and ISO 14617.

Symbols of chemical apparatus and instrumentation

Pipe

Thermally insulated pipe

Jacketed pipe

Cooled or heated pipe

Jacketed mixing vessel (autoclave)

Half pipe mixing vessel

Pressurized horizontal vessel

Pressurized vertical vessel

Pump

Vacuum pump or compressor

Bag

Gas bottle

Fan

Axial fan

Radial fan

Dryer

Packing column

Tray column

Furnace

Cooling tower

Heat exchanger

Cooler

Plate & frame heat exchanger

Double pipe heat exchanger

Fixed straight tubes heat exchanger

U shaped tubes heat exchanger

Spiral heat exchanger

Covered gas vent

Curved gas vent

Dust trap

Funnel

Steam trap

Viewing glass

Pressure reducing valve

Flexible pipe

Valve

Control valve

Manual valve

Back draft damper

Needle valve

Butterfly valve

Diaphragm valve

Ball valve

2010/2011 Annual Global cotton production will be restorative growth

Recently, the International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC) released in April forecast that global production and demand, 2010/11 world cotton production will resume growth.

Â Â Â Â 2010/11, world cotton planting area is estimated at 32.6 million hectares, an increase of 8%, however, still not more than 33 million hectares of the nearly 30-year average. U.S. cotton planting area expected to be 4.3 million hectares, up 15%, harvested area is expected to 3.9 million hectares, an increase of 24%. China, India and Pakistan's cotton growing area of growth is limited. In addition, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Brazil, Zimbabwe, Egypt, Greece and other countries in the area will increase.

Â Â Â Â If normal weather this year, global cotton average yield is estimated at 759 kg / ha, an increase of 4%, and average over the past five years flat. Global cotton production is estimated at 24.74 million tons, up 12.25%, of which U.S. production is expected to increase by almost 1 million tons, India and China, production is expected to increase by 40 million tons each. Output growth is expected to more than 100,000 tons of the country are in Pakistan, Brazil, Uzbekistan, Turkey and Australia.

Â Â Â Â 2010/11, world cotton consumption is estimated at 24.57 million tons, up 2.03%, mainly driven by economic recovery, but high cotton prices will restrain demand for cotton. Global cotton imports are expected to slightly increase to 7.58 million tons, of which China imports 242 million tons, up 21%. However, Turkey, Pakistan and Mexico, increased output, imports decreased. U.S. cotton exports are forecast to 2.77 million tons, up 6.54%; India's cotton exports are expected to reduce to 1.18 million tons. Global ending stocks are projected at 10.5 million tons, up 1.65%.

Â Â Â Â ICAC forecast 2009/10 average test Truck A index is 75 cents, up 23% year on year, 95% CI 71-80 cents. 2010/11 examination Truck A index was 82 cents, up 9% year on year, 95% CI 70-96 cents. However, there are still many uncertain factors in the commodity market, the price drop is still significant risk. Taking into account this factor, the actual fluctuations in the price range should be 70-82 cents.

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